Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is produced by chemical synthesis in hydrochloride or mononitrate salt forms. Thiamine is essential for pyruvate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (Krebs cycle) and transketolase (pentose phosphate pathway).
Deficiency causes beriberi. Used in flour fortification, multivitamins, B-complex supplements and infant formula.